Compared to a normal body cell, a normal egg cell contains

The concentration of potassium is higher in red blood cells than in the surrounding blood plasma. the higher concentration is maintained by the process of

Human genetic material is represented in the diagram below.

The region labeled A is made up of a section of

Brothers and sisters often have similar facial characteristics, such as nose shape or eye color, because they

The variations that exist in a population of wild giraffes are usually a result of events that occur during

Evidence that best supports the theory of biological evolution was obtained from the

The human immune system fights infection by releasing

The function of a specific enzyme is most directly influenced by its

A vaccine for the viral disease known as chicken pox would contain

Which process will result in a gain of energy in an ecosystem?

Sugar maples and white pines are two different tree species that often grow side by side in the Adirondacks Mountains. Which statement concerning these trees is correct?

A photograph of a polar bear in its environment is shown below:

One possible reason why polar bears might not be able to survive if the environment they live in changes is because

Which statement describes an event in this process

An infection in the body might result in a sudden

Which disorder could develop in the human body when the immune system attacks a usually harmless environmental substance?

In the human body, carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported to cells. Breathing in too much carbon monoxide will most likely result in the production of

Which human activity would interfere most directly with the production of oxygen in the environment?

Tissues of oleander plants contain chemicals that are poisonous to many mammals. The production of these poisonous chemicals most likely benefits oleanders by preventing leaf loss caused by

People living in and around the Amazon rain forest have used parts of the gaviola tree to prepare medicines. Research is being conducted to determine if this tree can provide cures for many types of cancer. Continued destruction of rain forest might

A fundamental concept of ecology is that living organisms

Many families now use compost to make the soil in their gardens more fertile. They collect vegetable scraps and yard trimmings, place them in a compost pile or special container, and let them decompose. The organisms primarily responsible for decomposing the vegetable scraps and yard trimmings are

In 2003, the city of Rochester, New York, began killing weeds with steam. A machine heats water to 280°F then sprays it on the weeds with great pressure. The extreme heat destroys the cellular structure of the plants. What is a possible disadvantage  of this method of weed control?

A food chain is represented below.

grass→ rabbit → hawk

Structures within the rabbit are formed using

The graduating class of a high school would like to give the school a gift that would have a positive impact on the environment. Which plan would be the best choice?

Which graph best illustrates the change in the human population over the past 2000 years?

Which processes lead to the greatest variety of genetic combinations?

One possible explanation for the fact that some simple, one-celled organisms did not evolve into complex, multicelluar organisms is that

In New York State, cars are inspected to be sure they are not releasing excessive amounts of several gases into the atmosphere. This is done in an effort to

Damage to the ozone shield over the United States is likely to cause

Researchers recently discovered that when hammerhead sharks were moved to shallower water resulting in exposure to increased light intensity, their backs turned a deep brownish black. Which statement best supports this observation?

An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0. Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks.

Which sentence is a possible hypothesis that was tested in this experiment?

An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0. Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks.

What was the dependent variable in this experiment?

An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0. Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks.

Which activity might help to increase the validity of this experiment?

Female mosquitoes spread diseases when they bite humans to obtain blood. It is only the females that do the biting. Research is being conducted to alter the DNA of male mosquitoes. These altered males could then mate with normal females mosquitoes. All of the resulting female offspring would have wing defects that prevent them from flying.

One assumption from this research is that the

Female mosquitoes spread diseases when they bite humans to obtain blood. It is only the females that do the biting. Research is being conducted to alter the DNA of male mosquitoes. These altered males could then mate with normal females mosquitoes. All of the resulting female offspring would have wing defects that prevent them from flying.

The method used to alter the female mosquitoes is an example of an application of

Scientists have successfully cloned animals, including large mammals such as sheep. Which statement provides the most likely reason that a human has not yet been cloned?

Some evolutionary pathways are represented in the diagram below.

An inference that can be made from the information in the diagram is that

The diagram below represents a technique used in some molecular biology laboratories.

Which phrase best describes a possible result of this process?

The diagram below represents a portion of a molecule found in cells of the human body.

Sequences represented by the letters in this molecule enable human cells to

Potatoes were the main crop in Ireland in the 1800s. Almost the entire population of Ireland was dependent on a single variety of potato, the “lumper.” These potatoes were reproduced by a method of asexual reproduction known as vegetative propagation. In the middle of the 1800s, a disease caused by a fungus killed almost the entire lumper crop within two years. As a result, millions of people in Ireland died of starvation. The most likely reason the potato disease was able to destroy the potato crop in such a short time is that the

The chart below shows examples from two groups of organisms, multicellular and one-celled.

The tissue and organs in group A perform functions that are

The graph below shows changes in the concentration of glucose and insulin in the blood of a human over a period of time.

Which statement correctly explains these changes?

The diagram below represents an incomplete sequence of levels of organization.

organelles → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms

This sequence can be completed correctly by inserting

The most likely explanation for the size of the wolf population for the 2000-2001 period is that the population

Wolves prey on animals such as deer. Identify one  adaptation of deer that would help them survive in an area populated by wolves.

– after you have though about your answer click on the HINT to check if your answer is correct, then select the answer choice CORRECT or INCORRECT depending on the answer you thought of.

The feeding activity of the bighorn sheep is best described as

Which statement best accounts for the decline in bighorn sheep populations?

State one way that young bighorn sheep are able to avoid predators.

Identify a process that could be used to insert this gene into other plant species to increase fruit production.

State one specific way humans can help reduce the exposure of animals to bisphenol-A.

Organ system of the human body interact to maintain a balanced internal environment. As blood flows through certain organs of the body, the composition of blood changes because of interactions with those organs. State one change in the composition of the blood as it flows though the respirator system.

State one possible negative impact of importing a natural predator to control a pest.

A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.

digested starch→ blood stream → cell → cell structure → ATP

Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In your answer, be sure to

1. Identify the molecules that are used to digest starch [1]

A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.

digested starch→ blood stream → cell → cell structure → ATP

Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In your answer, be sure to

Identify the molecules produced when the starch is digested  [1]

A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.

digested starch→ blood stream → cell → cell structure → ATP

Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In your answer, be sure to

Explain why starch must be digested before its building block molecules can enter the blood stream  [1]

A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.

digested starch→ blood stream → cell → cell structure → ATP

Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In your answer, be sure to

Identify the structure in the cell that will produce ATP from the starch building blocks [1]

A student has a sandwich for lunch. The bread contains starch molecules and various other molecules. After chewing and swallowing some of the sandwich, the starch moves along the digestive system and is digested. The sequence below represents what takes place next.

digested starch→ blood stream → cell → cell structure → ATP

Explain what occurs, beginning with the digestion of starch and ending with ATP production. In your answer, be sure to

State why ATP is important to cells [1]

A Study of Antibacterial Cleansers

An experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of three antibacterial hand-cleansing solutions against bacteria present on hands. Swabs were used to take one sample each from the unwashed hands of ten test subjects. Each swab was the rubbed across the surface of bacterial growth medium in a separate petri dish. The dishes were placed in an incubator to allow bacterial colonies to develop.

Ten other test subjects treated their hands with an antibacterial hand-cleansing solution, then hand their hands swabbed, and ten more petri dishes were set up and incubated in the same way as the first set of dishes.

The process was repeated again with ten more test subjects for a second hand cleanser, and again for a third group with a third hand cleanser.

The results from the incubated petri dishes were averaged. The averages are shown in the data table below.

What was the purpose of testing unwashed hands?

A Study of Antibacterial Cleansers

An experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of three antibacterial hand-cleansing solutions against bacteria present on hands. Swabs were used to take one sample each from the unwashed hands of ten test subjects. Each swab was the rubbed across the surface of bacterial growth medium in a separate petri dish. The dishes were placed in an incubator to allow bacterial colonies to develop.

Ten other test subjects treated their hands with an antibacterial hand-cleansing solution, then hand their hands swabbed, and ten more petri dishes were set up and incubated in the same way as the first set of dishes.

The process was repeated again with ten more test subjects for a second hand cleanser, and again for a third group with a third hand cleanser.

The results from the incubated petri dishes were averaged. The averages are shown in the data table below.

Explain why the researchers used data from ten trials and averaged them, rather than data from a single trial.

A Study of Antibacterial Cleansers

An experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of three antibacterial hand-cleansing solutions against bacteria present on hands. Swabs were used to take one sample each from the unwashed hands of ten test subjects. Each swab was the rubbed across the surface of bacterial growth medium in a separate petri dish. The dishes were placed in an incubator to allow bacterial colonies to develop.

Ten other test subjects treated their hands with an antibacterial hand-cleansing solution, then hand their hands swabbed, and ten more petri dishes were set up and incubated in the same way as the first set of dishes.

The process was repeated again with ten more test subjects for a second hand cleanser, and again for a third group with a third hand cleanser.

The results from the incubated petri dishes were averaged. The averages are shown in the data table below.

Based on the data provided, what could the researchers conclude regarding the effectiveness of the antibacterial hand-cleansing solutions tested?

The Critical Role of the Placenta
The proper functioning of the placenta is critical to the growth and development of a healthy fetus. For example, the placenta appears to act as a nutrient sensor. It regulates the amounts and types of nutrients that are transported from the mother to the fetus.
Improper functioning of the placenta can alter the structure and function of specific
cells and organ systems in the developing fetus, putting it at risk for health problems as an adult. For example, in some pregnancies, the placenta develops a resistance to blood flow. This resistance appears to force the heart of the fetus to work harder. This could result in
an increased chance of the individual developing heart disease as an adult. A group of  hormones known as glucocorticoids affects the development of all the tissues and organ  systems. One of the things this group of hormones does is to alter cell function by  changing the structure of cell membrane receptors.

Discuss the importance of the placenta in the development of a healthy fetus. In your answer, be sure to:

Identify two factors that could influence the nutrients that can pass from the mother to the fetus [1]

The Critical Role of the Placenta
The proper functioning of the placenta is critical to the growth and development of a healthy fetus. For example, the placenta appears to act as a nutrient sensor. It regulates the amounts and types of nutrients that are transported from the mother to the fetus.
Improper functioning of the placenta can alter the structure and function of specific
cells and organ systems in the developing fetus, putting it at risk for health problems as an adult. For example, in some pregnancies, the placenta develops a resistance to blood flow. This resistance appears to force the heart of the fetus to work harder. This could result in
an increased chance of the individual developing heart disease as an adult. A group of  hormones known as glucocorticoids affects the development of all the tissues and organ  systems. One of the things this group of hormones does is to alter cell function by  changing the structure of cell membrane receptors.

Discuss the importance of the placenta in the development of a healthy fetus. In your answer, be sure to:

Identify the group of hormones that alter cell membrane receptors and explain how this alteration can affect cell function [1]

The Critical Role of the Placenta
The proper functioning of the placenta is critical to the growth and development of a healthy fetus. For example, the placenta appears to act as a nutrient sensor. It regulates the amounts and types of nutrients that are transported from the mother to the fetus.
Improper functioning of the placenta can alter the structure and function of specific
cells and organ systems in the developing fetus, putting it at risk for health problems as an adult. For example, in some pregnancies, the placenta develops a resistance to blood flow. This resistance appears to force the heart of the fetus to work harder. This could result in
an increased chance of the individual developing heart disease as an adult. A group of  hormones known as glucocorticoids affects the development of all the tissues and organ  systems. One of the things this group of hormones does is to alter cell function by  changing the structure of cell membrane receptors.

Discuss the importance of the placenta in the development of a healthy fetus. In your answer, be sure to:

State the role of the uterus in the development of the fetus and the placenta [1]

A farmer planted two corn varieties, one of which was very tasty but had small ears, and the other one had large ears but did not taste nearly as good. The pollen from one variety was used to fertilize the
other variety of corn. State one biological advantage this method of reproduction has over cloning.

Feedback mechanisms have evolved that maintain homeostasis. Describe how homeostasis is maintained through feedback. In your answer, be sure to:

Identify one feedback mechanism in the human body. [1]

Feedback mechanisms have evolved that maintain homeostasis. Describe how homeostasis is maintained through feedback. In your answer, be sure to:

Identify, other than death one specific result if homeostasis fails in the human body [1]

Feedback mechanisms have evolved that maintain homeostasis. Describe how homeostasis is maintained through feedback. In your answer, be sure to:

Describe how a plant regulate water loss though a feedback mechanism that involves guard cells [1]

New York State relies on natural gas for 24% of its energy supply. It is estimated that large deposits of natural gas are located in New York State. It is possible to extract the gas via high-volume hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracking). Hydrofracking involves freeing the
natural gas by using a large amount of water treated with chemicals, which produces large quantities of waste products. Some people are in favor of hydrofracking, while others are against it. One side is concerned about the negative effect it will have on the environment.
The other side points out the potential benefits it might provide

Describe a trade-off that must be considered in the decision whether  to move forward with hydrofrackign [1]

New York State relies on natural gas for 24% of its energy supply. It is estimated that large deposits of natural gas are located in New York State. It is possible to extract the gas via high-volume hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracking). Hydrofracking involves freeing the
natural gas by using a large amount of water treated with chemicals, which produces large quantities of waste products. Some people are in favor of hydrofracking, while others are against it. One side is concerned about the negative effect it will have on the environment.
The other side points out the potential benefits it might provide

Identify one renewable alternative to natural gas as an energy source that New York State could use and describe the advantage of using this source, other than it is renewable. [1]

A class is recording pulse rate of the students in a data table like the one shown below.

One student checks his pulse and counts 23 beats over a time interval of 20 seconds. In which row is the data table should the pulse rate of this student be recorded?

The diagram below represents a compound light microscope. Several parts have been labeled.

In order to make an image brighter, which labeled part of the microscope would most likely be adjusted?

Cell membranes are said to be selectively permeable. Which statement best explains what selectively permeable means?

One of the effects of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated New Orleans in 2005, was the death of almost all of the plants in flooded areas. Initially, toxic chemicals and bacteria were suspected as a possible cause. Scientists later determined that the salt concentration in the floodwater caused the plants to die.

The death of the plants was most likely due to

One of the effects of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated New Orleans in 2005, was the death of almost all of the plants in flooded areas. Initially, toxic chemicals and bacteria were suspected as a possible cause. Scientists later determined that the salt concentration in the floodwater caused the plants to die.

Identify the process responsible for the effect of the salt water had on the plants. [1]

An investigation was carried out on four different plant species to determine which of three species was most closely related to an unknown plant species. The results of the  investigation are shown in the data table below.

Which plant species appears to most closely related to the unknown species? Support your answer. [1]

Species ____________

Support _____________________________________________________________

An investigation was carried out on four different plant species to determine which of three species was most closely related to an unknown plant species. The results of the investigation are shown in the data table below

Identify two pieces of evidence, other than those shown in the chart, that can be used to determine if two plant species are related. [1]

1) ____________________________

2)_____________________________

There are a number of islands in the Galapagos that these finches could possibly inhabit. Explain why each island would not be expected to have all of the species shown. [1]

The Galapagos Islands are home to many different species of finches. Three finch species, their relative beak sizes, and their food preferences are represented below. All three species live on the same island.

Which statement is correct concerning the nutritional preferences of these finches?

The Galapagos Islands are home to many different species of finches. Three finch species, their relative beak sizes, and their food preferences are represented below. All three species live on the same island.

Which process allows for the evolution of finches over time?

The Galapagos Islands are home to many different species of finches. Three finch species, their relative beak sizes, and their food preferences are represented below. All three species live on the same island.

Complete the food web below by placing the names of the finches in the correct locations.

The Galapagos Islands are home to many different species of finches. Three finch species, their relative beak sizes, and their food preferences are represented below. All three species live on the same island.

Identify one other trait other than a beak characteristic, that could affect the survival of a finch. Support your answer. [1]

The Galapagos Islands are home to many different species of finches. Three finch species, their relative beak sizes, and their food preferences are represented below. All three species live on the same island.

Identify one specific substance necessary for muscle activity that is delivered to muscles more effectively as a result of increased heart rate. [1]